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MRML Specification: Version 1.0
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MRML is the Multimedia Retrival Markup Language. The aim is to standardize access to Mutlimedia Retrieval software components.
MRML is an XML-based protocol. It corresponds to a well-defined DTD (resp. schema).
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Extensibility: Our main concern was to provide a framework which permits independent growth of the products of different research groups (followed by periodical code merging).
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No preferred implementation language We want to leave the developer the freedom of choice of the
implementation language. A standard like this is unlikely to be
adopted by the research community, if it works only with a given
``mainstream'' computing
environment.
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Independence of third--party libraries:
We want the use of the communication protocol to be as
independent from third party libraries as possible. A group should
be able to provide its own tools within finite time.
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MRML-based communications have the structure of a remote procedure call:
the client connects to the server, sends a request, and stays connected to
the server until the server breaks the connection. The server shuts down
the connection after sending the MRML message which answers the request.
MRML, in its current specification (and implementation) state, supports
the following features:
- request of a capability description from the server,
- selection of a data collection classified by query paradigm; it
is possible to request collections which can be queried in
a certain manner,
- selection and configuration of a query processor, also classified
by query paradigm; MRML also permits the configuration of meta-queries
during run time,
- formulation of QBE queries,
- transmission of user interaction data.
The final feature reflects our strong belief that affective computing
[1]
will soon play a role in the field of content-based
multimedia retrieval. MRML already supports this by allowing the logging of
some user interaction data. In particular, this is the case for the
history-forward and history-backward functionalities of the SnakeCharmer
interface.
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Client connection request
An MRML server listens on a port for MRML messages on a given TCP socket. When connecting, the client requests the basic properties of the server, and waits for an answer. Skipping standard XML headers, the MRML code looks like this:
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<
mrml
>
<
get-server-properties
/>
</
mrml
>
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The server then informs the client of its capabilities. This message is
empty in the current version of MRML, but it allows for the extension of
the protocol:
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<
mrml
>
<
server-properties
/>
</
mrml
>
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Using similar simple messages, the client can request a list of the
collections available on the server, together with descriptions of the ways
in which they can be queried.
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The client can then open a session on the server, and configure it
according to the needs of its user (interactive client) or its own needs
(eg meta-query agents). The client can also request the algorithms which
can be used with a given collection:
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<
mrml
>
<
get-algorithms
collection-id = "collection-1"
/>
</
mrml
>
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This request is answered by sending the corresponding list of algorithms.
This handshaking mechanism allows both interactive clients and programs
(such as meta-query agents or automatic benchmarkers) to obtain information
describing the server.
In a similar simple manner, the client can open and close sessions for a
user, and configure the algorithms chosen by the user. This enables
multi-user servers and also on-the-fly learning by the query processor.
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As a basic response the server details its capabilities to the client so that the client can adapt consequently. This response is mostly concerned with two aspects of the server's capabilities. Namely, the collections the server has access to and the algorithms that can be used to search these collections.
Collections
By default, the server returns basic collection information under the form of a collection-list:
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<
collection-list
>
<
collection
collection-id = "c-tsr500-id"
collection-name = "TSR500"
/>
</
collection-list
>
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In an extended setup (eg, that of Viper), one may this of adding more relevant information. For example attributes like:
viper-number-of-image = "500"
Algorithms
Similarly, the server will return all the required information for accessing available algorithms that are available for interacting with (eg, querying) the collection. This is done via the definition of an alghorithm-list of algorithm. For example:
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<
algorithm-list
>
<
algorithm
algorithm-id = "a-idf-id"
algorithm-name = "Classical TF/IDF"
algorithm-type = "adefault"
collection-id = " c-tsr500-id "
>
<
property
/>
</
algorithm
>
</
algorithm-list
>
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MRML property sheets are a method to work around the fact that the a common set of
configuration parameters for image databases is difficult to find and probably awkward
to use.
We suggest to achieve this by sending code which allows to build GUIs (i.e. the
subset you would need for configuration of an algorithm), along with a specification of
how to generate pieces of XML code from the GUI's state. This code is XML and it will
not be executed, so, to our knowledge, there is no inherent security hole.
A very simple example
Viper is a system which uses inverted files for the indexation of images. Each image
is translated in a variable{length sequence of features which describe the image. Each
feature is assigned a weight determined dependent on the frequency of the feature within
the image and within the collection. How exactly this is done, depends on the weighting
functions. Both retrieval performance and processing speed of the system depend on the
weighting function.
Viper gives the possibility to choose the weighting function at runtime, using an at-
tribute cui-weighting-function of the algorithm element. The following property sheet
gives the possibility to choose between two weighting functions.
The "basic need" of a system would be to specify the collection, i.e. the database on
which the retrieval is to be performed. For testing and comparison it would be interesting
to have the choice between several algorithms (e.g. wavelet coefficient/color histogram
based).
A choice out of a list of two elements:
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<
property
id = "p1"
type = "subset"
caption = "Weighting function"
visibility = "visible"
sendtype = "attribute"
sendname = "cui-weighting-function"
minsubsetsize = "1"
maxsubsetsize = "1"
>
<
property
id = "p2"
type = "setelement"
caption = "Best fully weighted"
visibility = "visible"
sendtype = "value"
sendvalue = "best-fully"
defaultstate = "selected"
/>
<
property
id = "p3"
type = "setelement"
caption = "Classical IDF"
visibility = "visible"
sendtype = "value"
sendvalue = "classical-idf"
defaultstate = "unselected"
/>
</
property
>
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What does this do exactly?
it defines a list of which the user is allowed to chose a subset of size between 1 and
1, i.e. an exclusive choice.
When asked for its state this list will generate an attribute, i.e. the text given by
send-name, plus cui-weighting-function.
The value of the attribute will be determined as follows: follows: property Ele-
ments p1 and p2 are identical in structure. They denote the elements of our set
which can either be selected or unselected. If selected they send a text which
will be placed like an attribute value (value). This text will be "best-fully" or
"classical-idf", depending on which of the two list items is chosen by the user.
As a result: the piece of MRML above will enable the interface to set up a property
sheet which comprises a list of two items, of which one can be selected. Depending on the
selection, the interface will send either
cui-weighting-function="best-fully"
or
cui-weighting-function="classical-idf"
to the server. The MRML client will use this property sheet when generating a configure-session
message.
More complex: generate XML subtrees
The following example describes the generation of whole document subtrees. This feature
is not yet immediately useful for Viper or CIRCUS. However it provides an explanation
on how the text generated in the previous is included into configure-session message.
More important is the fact that it provides a general framework for describing (GUI)
entities which can send XML.
Consider the following example: Imagine an algorithm which runs the query image
through a series of filters before running them through a simple query processor. Being a
research system, we would like these filters to be run-time-configurable. Each filter needing
some parameters, the and number of filters being variable, we simply need to define some
new MRML tags which permit us to describe the sequence of filters. We would an output
like the one given below:
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<
cui-filter-list
>
<
cui-filter
cui-filter-type = "horizontal-gabor"
cui-filter-gabor-sdev = "50"
cui-filter-gabor-wavelength = "10"
/>
<
cui-filter
cui-filter-type = "gauss"
cui-filter-gauss-sdev = "5"
/>
</
cui-filter-list
>
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The corresponding property sheet would look like:
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<
property
id = "p1"
type = "panel"
caption = "Filter Sequence"
visibility = "invisible"
send-type = "element"
send-name = "cui-filter-sequence"
>
<
property
id = "p1"
type = "multi-set"
caption = "Filter"
visibility = "visible"
send-type = "element"
send-name = "cui-filter"
minsubsetsize = "0"
maxsubsetsize = "5"
>
<
property
id = "p11"
type = "set-element"
caption = "Gaussian blur"
visibility = "pop-up"
sendtype = "attribute"
sendname = "cui-filter-type"
sendvalue = "gauss"
defaultstate = "selected"
>
<
property
id = "p111"
type = "numeric"
caption = "Standard deviation"
visibility = "pop-up"
sendtype = "attribute"
sendname = "cui-filter-gauss-sdev"
/>
</
property
>
<
property
id = "p12"
type = "set-element"
caption = "Horizontal Gabor"
visibility = "pop-up"
sendtype = "attribute"
sendname = "cui-filter-type"
sendvalue = "horizontal-gabor"
defaultstate = "selected"
>
<
property
id = "p121"
type = "numeric"
caption = "Tile size"
visibility = "pop-up"
sendtype = "attribute"
sendname = "cui-filter-gabor-sdev"
numeric-from = "5"
numeric-to = "100"
numeric-step = "5"
/>
<
property
id = "p122"
type = "numeric"
caption = "Tile size"
visibility = "pop-up"
sendtype = "attribute"
sendname = "cui-filter-gabor-wavelength"
numeric-from = "2"
numeric-to = "20"
numeric-step = "1"
/>
</
property
>
</
property
>
</
property
>
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The example above shows exactly the described scenario: The user has the choice to
use sequences of 0 up to 5 filters. The filters can be either Gaussian blur or horizontal
gabor filters (yes, this is a toy example).
The Gaussian blur can be configured by giving a number between 1 and 100, which
will be sent as an attribute (cui-filter-gauss-sdev). The gabor filter can be configured
using the two parameters cui-filter-gabor-sdev and cui-filter-gabor-wavelength.
Both the configuration panels will pop-up when the corresponding filter has been
selected in the sequence.
In the following section we describe how the text is actually generated, and how dialog
dynamics is specified.
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The query step is dependent on the query paradigms offered by the interface
and the search engine. MRML currently includes only QBE, but it has been
designed to be extensible to other paradigms.
A basic QBE query consists of a list of images and the corresponding
relevance levels assigned to them by the user. In the following example,
the user has marked two images, the image 1.jpg positive
(user-relevance="1") and the image 2.jpg
negative (user-relevance="-1"). All query images are
referred to by their URLs.
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<
mrml
session-id = "1"
transaction-id = "44"
>
<
query-step
session-id = "1"
resultsize = "30"
algorithm-id = "algorithm-default"
>
<
user-relevance-list
>
<
user-relevance-element
image-location = "http://viper.unige.ch/1.jpg"
user-relevance = "1"
/>
<
user-relevance-element
image-location = "http://viper.unige.ch/2.jpg"
user-relevance = "-1"
/>
</
user-relevance-list
>
</
query-step
>
</
mrml
>
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The server will then return the retrieval result as a list of images, again
represented by their URLs.
Queries can be grouped into transactions. This allows the formulation and
logging of complex queries. This may be applied in systems which process a
single query using a variety algorithms, such as the split-screen version
of or the system described by Lee \etal .
It is important in these cases to preserve in the logs the knowledge that
two queries are logically related one to another.
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In order to demonstrate how easily MRML can be extended to other query
paradigms, we give as an example QBE for images with user annotation. We
assume that the user is invited to associate textual comments with images
he or she marks as relevant or irrelevant. Since a tag for this purpose
does not yet exist in MRML, we add an
attribute cui-user-annotation="..." to the element. The
prefix cui- is added to avoid name clashes with extensions
from other groups which use MRML.
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<
user-relevance-list
>
<
user-relevance-element
image-location = "file:/images/1.jpg"
user-relevance = "1"
cui-user-annotation = "tropical fish"
/>
</
user-relevance-list
>
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It is important to note here that servers which do not recognize the
cui-user-annotation attribute still can make use of the
remaining information contained in the user-relevance-element element.
As an example of how not to extend MRML, we give an extension with
the same semantics but which does not respect the principle of graceful
degradation:
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<
user-relevance-list
>
<
cui-user-relevance-element
image-location = "file:/images/1.jpg"
user-relevance = "1"
user-annotation = "tropical fish"
/>
</
user-relevance-list
>
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Instead of adding an attribute to an existing MRML element (user-relevance-element), a new element was defined that
contained the same kind of extension, namely cui-user-relevance-element. Consequently, servers which do not
recognize this element will not be able to exploit any relevance
information.
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References
[1]  Tatiana Louchnikova, Stéphane
Marchand-Maillet. Flexible Image Decomposition for Multimedia Indexing and Retrieval.
In Proceedings of {SPIE} Photonics West, Electronic Imaging 2002, Internet Imaging {III}, San Jose, USA, 2002
.
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